A spiritual Christian sect originating in Russia, known for their pacifism, communal living, and distinctive ritual practices.
Religion: Christianity
Founded: 18th century
Location: Russia (originally), later migrated to various countries
Size: 40,000 members (estimate)
Offshoot of: Russian Orthodox
Other Names: Milk Drinkers
Molokans are a Russian fundamentalist Christian sect, with their roots tracing back to the 18th century. Their formation was partly in response to the Russian Orthodox Church’s rigid liturgical practices, advocating a return to the practices of the early Christians. Molokans see themselves as ethnically Russian and are considered to be related to, or perhaps an offshoot of, the Doukhobors, another Russian spiritual Christian group. Their name, “Molokan,” literally means “milk drinkers” in Russian, which refers to their preference for the “milk” of the Christian faith—simplicity in worship and adherence to the teachings of Jesus Christ as found in the Bible.
Historically, the Molokans faced persecution in Russia due to their beliefs, leading approximately 3,500 of them to immigrate to the United States between 1901 and 1911, seeking religious freedom and economic opportunities. They initially settled in Hawaii before moving to California, attracted by its warmer climate. In the U.S., they attempted to maintain their Russian ethnic identity and fundamentalist Christian beliefs. As of the 1970s, significant populations resided in Los Angeles, San Francisco, the San Joaquin Valley, Arizona, and Oregon. The Molokans in the United States are mainly categorized into two groups: the Pryguny (Jumpers) and the Postoiannye (Steadfast), with the primary distinction being the conduct of religious services, notably that Pryguny jump during services.
Molokan religious services are rich in tradition and include elements such as psalms, communal prayers, and the “holy kiss,” symbolizing fellowship and love among believers. Important rites of passage like christenings, weddings, funerals, and memorial services are integral parts of their community life, featuring specific rituals and communal meals. Despite their traditional views, Molokans have faced challenges in maintaining a cohesive set of teachings due to variations in interpretations and practices among different communities.
Molokans have encountered numerous challenges over the years, including a significant decrease in their population from 1.2 million in the early 20th century to about 40,000 due to emigration and assimilation into other religious movements. They have struggled with governmental relations, registration of religious organizations, and maintaining their traditional ways of life in the face of modern challenges. In recent years, there has been an effort to reconnect and support Molokan communities globally, with congresses held to discuss theological and practical issues facing the sect today.
image via Wikimedia Commons
