A dissident religious movement from Imperial Russia, known for its initial opposition to serfdom and rejection of marriage, evolving over time within the Old Believer tradition.
The Fedoseevtsy, also known as Fedoseyans or Theodosians, are a distinct religious movement within the broader spectrum of Old Believers, specifically categorized under the priestless faction known as Bespopovtsy. This group originated in Imperial Russia during a period marked by widespread religious dissent spurred by the 17th-century reforms of Patriarch Nikon. Founded by Feodosy Vasilyev, a former deacon, in the late 17th century, the Fedoseevtsy formed in response to these reforms, rallying primarily peasants and posad people in Northwest Russia around their cause.
The early Fedoseevtsy were known for their strict asceticism and their staunch opposition to traditional societal institutions like marriage, which they viewed as incompatible with their religious beliefs. This commitment to asceticism set them apart from other Old Believer groups that sometimes adopted more moderate stances. Initially, they also strongly resisted any form of compromise with the established church, including opposing the Orthodox Church’s practice of praying for the Tsar, which they viewed as heretical.
By the late 18th century, the movement had established a significant presence in Moscow, centered around the Preobrazhenskoye cemetery. This site became their de facto headquarters under the leadership of Ilya Kovylin, who led from 1731 to 1809. As the 19th century progressed, the sect experienced internal changes and a shift in their doctrinal stances, particularly regarding tsarist authority. In 1848, the Fedoseevtsy reversed their longstanding policy and adopted the practice of praying for the Tsar.
The late 19th century saw further evolution within the sect with the emergence of the “newlyweds” group, which began to recognize the institution of marriage, marking a significant doctrinal shift from their original beliefs. This change underscored the evolving nature of the Fedoseevtsy as they adapted to new social and religious contexts over time.
The contemporary presence and practices of the Fedoseevtsy have seen a gradual departure from the earlier strict religious intolerance and asceticism that defined them. They continue to form self-governing communities, led by a sobor (assembly) of adult men, which makes decisions on both spiritual and secular matters. This indicates a blend of religious and political autonomy within their communities. Their interactions with outsiders are cautious, especially in maintaining rules of sacred cleanliness, such as dining practices where non-believers are often served food separately using distinct utensils. Despite strict religious prohibitions, like those against the consumption of commercial alcoholic beverages, Old Believers, including the Fedoseevtsy, are known to prepare their own home-made alcoholic drinks like braga.
image via Wikimedia Commons
