A distinctive Christian movement rejecting the Trinity in favor of a unified God manifesting in different modes.
Religion: Christianity
Denomination: Pentecostalism
Founded: Early 20th century
Location: Global (with significant presence in the United States)
Other Names: Apostolic Pentecostalism, Jesus’ Name Pentecostalism, Jesus Only movement
Oneness Pentecostalism, also known as the Jesus Only movement, is a significant Christian denomination within the broader Pentecostal family that arose in the early 20th century. This movement diverges from mainstream Christian doctrine primarily through its rejection of the Trinity, advocating instead for a theological perspective known as Modalistic Monarchianism. Adherents believe that God is singular and manifests Himself in various modes, rather than existing as three distinct persons (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit). This belief system is pivotal to understanding the group’s unique practices and theological stance.
The roots of Oneness Pentecostalism can be traced back to a schism within the Assemblies of God in 1914, when certain members began to challenge the traditional Trinitarian baptismal formula. Instead, they argued for and practiced baptism exclusively in the name of Jesus Christ, based on their interpretation of Acts 2:38. This baptismal practice and theological stance led to the formation of the United Pentecostal Church International (UPCI), among other Oneness organizations, which collectively represent the movement today.
Central to Oneness Pentecostalism are several core beliefs:
- The Nature of God: Oneness theology asserts that God is a singular spirit who manifests Himself in different roles, including that of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, but not simultaneously as distinct persons. This is contrasted with the doctrine of the Trinity, which posits that God exists eternally in three coequal, coeternal persons.
- Baptism: Oneness Pentecostals practice baptism solely in the name of Jesus Christ. This practice stems from a strict interpretation of scriptural passages like Acts 2:38, emphasizing the name of Jesus in the baptismal rite over the traditional Trinitarian formula prescribed in Matthew 28:19.
- Salvation: The movement teaches that salvation comes through faith in Jesus Christ, repentance, baptism in Jesus’ name, and receiving the Holy Spirit with the initial evidence of speaking in tongues. This reflects a broader Pentecostal emphasis on experiential faith and the active presence of the Holy Spirit in the life of believers.
Oneness Pentecostalism’s history and expansion are marked by its dynamic development, particularly in North America, where it emerged in the aftermath of the Azusa Street Revival (1906-1909). Its growth has been significantly influenced by race, gender, and culture, leading to a diverse movement that intersects with various social and ethnic backgrounds. Despite its roots in early 20th-century Pentecostalism, Oneness Pentecostalism has evolved, demonstrating fluidity in its theological interpretations and practices. This evolution reflects a complex interplay of restorationist impulses and adaptations to the multifaceted North American religious landscape.
The movement has faced criticism and is deemed heretical by many in the broader Christian community, primarily due to its rejection of the Trinity, a cornerstone doctrine for the majority of Christian denominations. Additionally, its requirements for salvation, including speaking in tongues and specific modes of baptism, diverge from the more widely accepted Christian belief that salvation is through faith in Jesus Christ alone, not necessitating any particular ceremonial acts.
Introduction to Oneness Pentecostalism
Oneness Pentecostalism is a movement within the broader Pentecostal Christian tradition. It emerged in the early 20th century, primarily in the United States, as part of the Pentecostal revival. The movement is distinguished by its rejection of the traditional doctrine of the Trinity, advocating instead a theological concept known as Oneness or Modalistic Monarchianism.
Theological Distinctions
- Oneness of God: Unlike mainstream Christianity, which teaches the Trinity of three distinct persons in one God (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit), Oneness Pentecostalism holds that these are different modes or manifestations of the one God. God is seen as one being who has revealed Himself in various forms, notably as the Father in creation, the Son in redemption, and the Holy Spirit in regeneration.
- Jesus Christ’s Identity: In Oneness theology, Jesus Christ is simultaneously the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. This view is often encapsulated in the phrase, “Jesus is God.”
- Baptism Formula: Oneness Pentecostals practice baptism in the name of Jesus Christ, rather than using the traditional Trinitarian formula (“in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit”). This practice, known as “Jesus’ Name Baptism,” is based on their interpretation of passages in the Book of Acts.
Historical Development
The Oneness movement began to take shape following the Azusa Street Revival (1906-1915), which was a key event in the rise of Pentecostalism. A doctrinal split occurred in 1916 when the Assemblies of God, a major Pentecostal denomination, expelled ministers who rejected the Trinity doctrine. These ministers formed new denominations that embraced Oneness theology.
Worship and Practices
Oneness Pentecostal worship is known for its expressive, enthusiastic style, similar to other Pentecostal groups. Speaking in tongues, divine healing, and an expectation of direct experiences of the Holy Spirit are common elements. Adherents often adhere to a conservative lifestyle, with guidelines on dress, entertainment, and personal conduct.
Growth and Denominations
Oneness Pentecostalism has grown significantly since its inception and has spread internationally. Prominent Oneness denominations include the United Pentecostal Church International (UPCI) and the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World (PAW).
Criticism and Controversy
Oneness Pentecostalism’s rejection of the Trinity has led to criticism and controversy, with mainstream Christian denominations often considering it heterodox or heretical. The movement’s strict lifestyle and worship practices have also been subjects of discussion and debate.
image via Britannica
