Solitary figures in Christian asceticism, seeking closeness to God through extreme forms of isolation and self-denial.
Religion: Christianity
Denomination: Catholicism
Founded: 3rd century
Location: Europe
Anchorites, also known as hermits or recluses, have been a part of Christian ascetic tradition since the early centuries of the church. They are individuals who, for religious reasons, withdraw from secular society to lead a life of prayer and extreme solitude. This practice is often seen as a means to achieve deeper spiritual insight, communion with God, and personal sanctification.
The origins of anchoritism can be traced back to the Desert Fathers and Mothers of the 3rd and 4th centuries, early Christian ascetics who retreated to the deserts of Egypt and Syria. These figures, such as St. Anthony the Great and St. Mary of Egypt, are considered pioneers of Christian monasticism, setting a precedent for a life dedicated to God away from worldly distractions.
The anchoritic life became more formalized in the Middle Ages, especially within the Catholic Church. Unlike monks and nuns who live in community (cenobitic life), anchorites commit to a solitary existence, often confined to small cells or hermitages attached to churches. These cells, known as anchorholds, were typically small, consisting of one or two rooms, and had a window to the church to allow the anchorite to participate in services and receive Holy Communion.
The most famous anchorite of the Middle Ages is perhaps Julian of Norwich, an English mystic known for her work “Revelations of Divine Love,” the first book in the English language known to have been written by a woman. Julian lived in a cell attached to St. Julian’s Church in Norwich, and her writings provide insight into the spiritual experiences and theological reflections of an anchorite.
The ritual of enclosure was an important part of becoming an anchorite. This ceremony, often led by a bishop, symbolized the anchorite’s death to the world and rebirth into a life of spiritual contemplation. In some extreme cases, the cell was sealed except for a small opening for food and waste, emphasizing the permanence of the anchorite’s withdrawal from society.
Anchorites devoted their lives to prayer, contemplation, and penance. Their lifestyle was characterized by strict ascetic practices, including fasting, long hours of prayer, and sometimes physical mortifications. Despite their isolation, many anchorites played a significant role in their communities as spiritual counselors. People would visit them for advice, prayer, and guidance, making them an integral part of the religious life of the Middle Ages.
The anchoritic tradition began to decline with the Reformation and the changing religious landscape of Europe. The Protestant emphasis on active engagement with the world and skepticism of monastic practices led to a decrease in the number of anchorites. However, the ethos of anchoritism has continued to influence Christian spirituality, inspiring individuals and movements dedicated to contemplative prayer and solitude.
image via April Munday’s WordPress
